Goal Essay Example for Free

Goal EssayEducation is the most powerful weapon which you squeeze out use to change the world (Nelson Mandela) what are my intension to come to college? Nowadays, medical assistant is rapidly increasing. Im attending college to earn my Associate stratum in Medical Assistant. Before attending college, Ive had too many problems such as the grammar problems and writing in the English forms. I realized that I wasnt going to get far without education.With my familys support and advises, I decided to go on further with my education to have a better forthcoming and a long time career prevailing as a medical assistant. This year, I am enrolled at Kauai Community College since the fall 2012 semester. When I started college, I was majoring Liberal Arts because Im still undecided what career I wanted to pursue in. November 2012, after talking to my counselor I was able to choose what Im engage I choose medical assistant. Their are couple reasons why I choose medical assistant. One rea son is that I have the passion to work with other people.And the other reason is that I have a single mother who supported me since I was born and I want to find a career that would pay enough to support me and my family. Receiving my associate degree and becoming a medical assistant will improve my life. I am 18 years old, employed at brick oven (Kalaheo), and still living with my parents. In the past I made a lot of bad choices that made my mother disappointment. Accomplishing my educational goals and pursuing in the medical field will make my family and my mother proud, and it will also help me live independently.My estimated date of graduating the medical field is organize 2015, in order for me to complete my goal I will set up a meeting with my counselor to organize what I should take all(prenominal) semester. By doing this, so I would know what to expect and not to overload my schedule. Other things that will also help me to achieve my goal is to attend furcate regularly, t ake notes, turn in all assignments on time, and do not procrastinate. In conclusion, my purpose for being in college is to have a better emerging and be able to live independently and support my family.

Successful at College Essay Example for Free

Successful at College EssaySuccessful is achieving or having achieved success having attain wealth, position, honors, or anything. College, its a big thing in a persons life. Its take a step into the real world. none is going to tell you what to do or how to do something in class. College students try to balances academic, work and social all at ones and it can be stressful. College is where one begins to begin themselves and explore the world. Its the start of where your life begins. The first step in being successful at college is being motivated. One needs to have a beneficial mind if they want to success in college.No one can motivate you more about college then yourself. Remember you cant just skip aim or someone will tell you to go to class. You pay for your classes in college, so if you dont go to class its none fault but your own. Also, college puts more responsibility on a student. Most students dont tend to pick the right superior when it comes to college. They t hink their social life is more important than their academic. They think going to party and being popular is important than studying, getting a B.A. degree, and having the career of their dreams.The adjacent step to be successful at college is having good habits and planning. Good habits in college would be having good study skills, attitude, test-taking skills, and listening skills. The biggest challenge that is different from high school and college would be that teachers in high school would teach, and in college the professors lecture. You have to prepare yourself because a professor can change a lesson plan if they want too.You should ceaselessly look over at the syllabus to stay on track of what youre doing in class. You should go over your notes, highlighting key material, and make certain(predicate) you understand them. You should plan when you need to study and when you hang out and party with your friends. Putting your school work before everything else shows you being a successful student.In conclusion, being successful in college takes a lot of work. You have to put your mind to it and figure what is more important to you being successful and having a good grades and knowing you have a future or someone trying to fight their way, struggling and all stress out when they can get a B.A. degree and telling their parents that they wasted their money for college because they thought partying was more important than going to class and studying.

Negative Effects of Media on Youth: Causal Effect Analysis

Negative Effects of Media on Youth Causal Effect abstractNatasha NguyenWhy is it difficult to show that media causes harm to young people?IntroductionThe impact of the media on young people has long been an issue, with concern that younger audiences atomic number 18 disallowly persuaded by media. Effects question has been use to determine whether media causes harm on young people. However, media effects research has its difficulties in generating viable results. This paper allow for outline why it is difficult to show a direct causal effect from media resulting in negative outcomes and behaviours from young audiences. No media effects researchers believe in direct effects and a cohort of media scholars make valid claims supporting this statement. Barrie Gunter effectively explains the validity problems with media effects research, with Albert Banduras famous Bobo annulus experiment as an example. David Gauntletts views on the flaws of the effects model are also relevant to th e discussion and McQuail makes very constructive points on how audiences clear choose how they let media push them. To further justify that it is difficult to show that media causes harm to people, the ideas discussed will be related to the case study of the murder of 2 year old mob Bulger.Validity of Effects ResearchEarly media effects experiments, such as the Payne Fund Studies, consisted of children participants world placed in artificial environments (Gunter 2008,p.1085). They were fed dosages of media hysteria controlled by researchers who then exposed them to environments where they could be sire in aggressive ways if they choose to (Gunter 2008,p.1085). However, these studies have been criticized by scholars for lacking validity (Sparks, Sparks Sparks 2009,p.272). The experiments were too far-fetched to produce any possible results about media effects as they were artificial taking users out of their natural habitats, feeding them media they would no. usually consume and using unrealistic representatives for real-life violence (Ruddock 2013,p.27). Gunter (2008) is in particular adequate at explaining the problems with validity in effects studies. He outlines the issues with conducting experiments in artificial settings. Participants are aware of researchers and act accordingly, doing what they thought the researcher wanted (Gunter 2008,p.1088). Gunter (2008,p.1102) reports how the cream of media extracts fed to participants were devoid of their original context and could be interpreted differently when embedded in their original source. Media effects research cannot be discussed without referencing Banduras (1963) Bobo Doll experiment (Sparks, Sparks Sparks 2009,p.272). The study illustrated that when watching a televised model commit aggressive actions, children were more likely to imitate the actions if the model was rewarded instead of punished (Sparks, Sparks Sparks 2009,p.272). This suggests an association betwixt aggressive media infl uences on the children to mimic the aggressive acts but Gunter (2008) cautioned against mistaking association for causation. thither were many flaws to that experimentation, with even Bandura (2009,p.110) himself discussing the severe constraints tied to controlled experimentation.Flaws in the Effects postureIn response to traditional media effects studies, Gauntlett (1998) discusses the flaws of media effects studies, outlining why it cannot be used to prove that media causes direct harm to young people. Firstly, he discredits effects research for coming to social problems backwards. Researchers start with violent media and attempt to align ways to connect it to social problems, such as aggression, instead of beginning with social problems to find their causes (Gauntlett 1998,p.214). Gauntlett (1998,p.216) also criticizes the effects model for treating children as inadequate and more manipulable than adults, being influenced into behavior adults wouldnt be. He questions the valid ity of effects research by discussing the use of artificial studies, claiming that they are selective and based on the belief that the subjects will not change their behavior as a result of being observed (Gauntlett 1998,p.219). In examining some of the flaws that Gauntlett presents, it is clear that it is difficult to research media effects to show a direct causal effect as the methods traditionally used undermine the validity of the results.Audiences Choices on EffectsThe influence media has commonly depends on audience motivations, as information conveyed is not what influences audiences but quite a peoples self-determined reaction to this information (Petty, Brinol Priester 2009,p.126). Pieslack (2007) delves into this concept through his studies of music and war. He states that people voluntarily expose themselves to the effects of media, citing soldiers at war as an example who become aggressive after listening to rap music because they want to become aggressive (Pieslack 20 07,p.134). McQuail (1997,p.205) explains how typical effects models were perceived as a one-way process of causality, from media to consumer, where the audience was viewed as a passive recipient of media content. However, individuals have unique tastes in media, with some more inclined to expose themselves to media violence (McQuail 1997,p.206). This destroys the notion of media messages being forced upon individuals unwillingly, evidencing that young audiences knowingly visit effects upon themselves (Ruddock 2013,p.28). Young people often learn from media because they choose to (Bandura 2009,p.97). This demonstrates the difficulty in present that media causes harm to young people as there may be a correlation between aggression but there is no make of direct causation, with certain individuals choosing to let media influence them (Gunter 2008,p.1095).Audiences BackgroundsMedia aggression does not have the same effects on everyone and some may be more capable than other(a)s to e ffects of media violence (Gunter 2008,p.1095). Individual media audiences have different psychological pennings that influence the way they respond to aggressive media (Gunter 2008,p.1112). The consumption of violence and aggression from media is complex and mustiness account for the audiences differing psychological profiles (Gunter 2008,p.1097). Media violence can produce aggression when paired with troubled social conditions (Ruddock 2013,p.35). We cannot assume that violence from media consumers is directly tie in back to the media as there are many other influences which can cause aggression in individuals. Peer influences, family conflicts and other factors may all influence aggressive behaviour (Sparks, Sparks Sparks 2009,p.273). It has also been reviewed that negative effects of media violence were mostly visible among the poor, less educated and socially disenfranchised (Ruddock 2013,p.35). This proves that violent media effects are mostly a risk for individuals whom al ready had difficult lives and as a result, it is difficult to prove a direct causal effect from violent media.The throng Bulger MurderIn 1993, controversy over media effects on children surfaced following the murder of two-year-old James Bulger by two ten-year-old boys, Jon Venables and Robert Thompson. Bulgers body was found mutilate on a railway line two days after his murder. Though no evidence of it was brought to trial, violence in videos was considered a possible stimulus. There were many links made by the press between the crime and events in a require called Childs Play 3 (Bignell 2002,p.134). Venables father had rented the film however, Venables did not live with his father and had never seen the film (Bignell 2002,p.134). There was no way to connect the crime to the film and direct effects were never turn out and authorities concluded that the crime was the case of two disturbed individuals acting on dark impulses, rather than on the influence of violent media. Thompson grew up in a brutal environment, being assaulted by five older brothers and an alcoholic mother. His tough upbringings may have produced aggression when paired with violent media. He could have chosen to let aggressive media influence him voluntarily, wanting to become more aggressive to deal with his surroundings. This underlines Pieslacks (2007) point about audiences voluntarily exposing themselves to media effects. The boys psychological makeup could account for their actions and their responses to aggressive media. Venables came from troubled family conditions, exhibited low self esteem and was temperamentally fragile. His difficult circumstances made him more vulnerable to the effects of media content, as discussed by Gunter (2008). It would be wrong to assume that violent media directly caused the boys to commit the crime as there was no direct proof and a range of other factors clearly had influence on the pair.Concluding RemarksIt is difficult to show that media causes harm to young people and that a direct causal effect resulting in negative outcomes exists. The view that media has direct and world-beaterful effects on audiences is more accepted by the general public than media effects scholars (Oliver Krakowiak 2009,p.517). Some researchers acknowledge that media violence can influence viewers but not in all circumstances, all audiences and not directly (Gunter 2008,p.1063). Media effects scholars such as Gunter, Gauntlett, Pieslack and McQuail disagree with direct causal effects. In researching media effects through experimentation, results compiled are questioned for their validity as research conducted in artificial environment can encourage unnatural participant responses. raptorial behaviour cannot be solely blamed on violent media content as there are many other factors which influence an individuals motives for being violent. As seen through the James Blumer case study, an individuals motives, psychological makeup and social background can influence the level of power media has over them and disproves the idea of direct effects.Reference ListGauntlett, D 1998, Ten Things Wrong with the Effects Model, in R Dickinson, R Harindranath O Linne (ed.), Approaches to Audiences A Reader, Arnold Publishers, London, pp.120-130Gunter, B 2008, Media Violence Is There a Case for Causality?, American Behavioural Scientist, vol. 51, no. 8, pp. 1061-1122McQuail,Oliver, M Krakowiak, K 2009, Individual Differences in Media Effects, in J Bryant M Oliver (ed.), Media Effects Advances in Theory and Research, Routledge, New York, pp. 517-531Petty, R, Brinol, P Priester, J 2009, Mass Media Attitude Change Implications of the Elaboration Likelihood Model of eyeshot, in J Bryant M Oliver (ed.), Media Effects Advances in Theory and Research, Routledge, New York, pp. 517-531Pieslack, J 2007, Sound Targets Music and the War in Iraq, Journal of Musicological Research, vol.26, no. 2, pp. 129-149Ruddock, A 2013, Youth and Media, SAGE Publicat ions, LondonSparks, G, Sparks, C Sparks, E 2009, Media Violence, in J Bryant M Oliver (ed.), Media Effects Advances in Theory and Research, Routledge, New York, pp. 269-286

Ethical Issues with HIV Positive Clients

Ethical Issues with human immunodeficiency virus Positive ClientsIntroductionHIV and pathogenic illnesss is a sensitive issue that has prompted the introduction of supernumerary fair plays to protect the psychological and emotional ineluctably of the clients. Ethical values basically guide ethical behavior and conduct. jimmyive(a) object lesson concerns have been identified since the emergence of HIV.Ethical PrinciplesBasic principles that guide medical behavior include respect for persons, justice and beneficence (Angel, 1998). Fundamentally, these ar achieved finished keeping promises, upholding respect and maintaining confidentiality (savage, 2001).Other ethical principles include utile perspective and the ethic of caring (Wolf, 2001).Ethical IssuesConfidentiality. Generally, all medical reading and records be expected to be kept confidential. Gostin et al (1997) shows that the sensitive nature of in pissation related to HIV and ab appear other infections have prom pted creation of additional laws to protect the affected clients. There are exceptions further that allow the health care personnel to report cases to health care authorities (Gostin et al, 1997) the regard to dis bordering the term to the persons at attempt (Gostin Webber, 1998) the case relating to infected healthcare personnel that rested in the formation of a panel of experts that restrict the activities of the infected workers or inform the patients of their status (Kass, et al, 1996 Lurie Wolfe, 1999 Singer et al, 2006 Varmus Satcher, 1999) prenatal testing that has introduced phone number testing to all expectant mothers (Connor et al, 2004, Levine 1998 Sargent, 2000)End of life issues. Ferriman (2001) ascertains that this existed during the initial quantify of the emergence of HIV when it had the capacity to develop in to a terminal disease in a short period of time. Availability of effective ARVs has changed the situation (Lurie Wolfe, 1999). However, it disti llery affects populations with limited resources. Palliative care is essential.Vaccine Research. Wolf and Berkey (2000) bear witness that the nonage are employed in efforts. Wolf (2001) nones that the populations have false hopes about the possibility of being cured. Vaccines have adverse impacts on the immunity of the participants. Participants may be denied travel rights imputable to the health implications of the vaccinum. There eligibility of taking up certain jobs is affected. Gostin and Webber (1998 show that at times the participants are labeled very vulnerable to infection. This has furthermost reaching implications n their behavior. Confidentiality is lots breeched by the queryers.Research ethics. Feriman (2001) points out that the participants are not given vital information precedent to research. In other instances, their harmonize is not sought. Healthcare providers tolerate to the misconceptions (Gostin, 2000). Patients are not sure about the implications of the research. Loyalty by patients subscribe tos them to avoid informing themselves of the necessary procedures. Patients at times provide information in return for better services from the healthcare in future. Healthcare providers undertaking research rump greater emphasis on financial goods rather than the interests of the patients.SummaryIt is clear that the ethical principles of respect for people, justice and beneficence provide essential guidance in health care. In addition, the utilitarian perspective and the ethic of caring likewise provide vital guidance to medical behavior. Notably, these enable the clinicians to interact with HIV positivistic patients and those with infective diseases in a sustainable manner. Ethical concerns such as confidentiality, end of life, informed consent, vaccine research, research design and involvement of interest dispose the interaction between patients with infectious illnesses such as HIV and clinicians.RecommendationsPatients need t o be informed of their legal rights prior to testing. Pretest procedures and counseling need to be upheld. With envision to HIV vaccine research, it is Coperni bum that the trials be carried out on a population that is globally representative. Finally, it would be pregnant for the researchers carrying out medical research about infectious diseases to be control by fundamental clinical ethicsReferencesIntroductionThe sensitivity that is associated with HIV positive clients, infectious diseases and relative information requires the clinicians to uphold a high head of morality when interacting with the patients at different levels. Since the emergence of the epidemic, heterogeneous ethical concerns have been identified in different instances. In order to ensure that the wellbeing of the patients and healthcare providers is protected, measures have been undertaken to address the concerns accordingly. Indeed, it is worth acknowledging that the psychological wellbeing of the HIV po sitive patients plays a critical role in their holistic wellbeing. Physical wellbeing understructure be achieved if the patients are handled with the superior level of care.It is against this background that this paper explores the ethical issues concerning HIV positive clients and other infectious diseases controlled by the health department guidelines. In order to enhance a harmonic consideration, the paper starts by underscoring the basic ethical principles underpinning healthcare and relative research. Then, it exhaustively reviews several ethical concerns and comes up with recommendations that would effectively address the ethical issues.Ethical PrinciplesClinical work and related research is governed by various ethical and moral principles that guide professional behavior and conduct. When traffic with persons that are HIV positive or those with other infectious diseases, it is clamant to observe these principles as they make the patients feel appreciated and cared for. O f great importance is the moral worth that these values enhance. In particular, Angell (1998) indicates that respect for people, justice and beneficence are fundamental values that govern any form of clinical interaction.The value of respect for persons demands that the decisions and autonomy of other individuals be upheld. In addition, this principle postulates that persons that lack autonomy and those that are unable to make independent decisions be protected. Justice requires that all persons irrespective of their status be treated in a fair manner. The ideal state of justice is characterized by equal distribution of the burdens and benefits within the society. Finally, beneficence imposes upon the clinicians a responsibility to act in the interests of the patients. In order to achieve this Wolf (2000) asserts that the ability to keep promises, uphold respect and maintain a high storey of confidentiality is essential.Other ethical principles that notify be used to guide the con duct of clinicians in this field include the utilitarian perspective and the ethic of caring (Wolf, 2001). The causation places emphasis on the consequences of the activities and postulates that clinical behavior brush off only be morally acceptable if its consequences are desirable and enhance the greatest good for the bulk of the population. The latter on the other hand judges the activities based on the effect that they have on relationships. However, Wolf (2000) indicates that nearly of these principles conflict and therefore can not be applied jointly. In addition, it is notable that some principles can not be applied in some situations. The clinicians should therefore weigh the relevance of a principle to a situation before applying it. This is important to avoid conflicts that are seeming to stem from application of multiple principles. Of great importance however is to ensure that the greatest degree of good for the greatest majority is always upheld.Ethical IssuesOver time, various ethical concerns have arisen from the interaction between HIV positive patients and clinicians. Confidentiality is one such issue that has been considered to be very important in this regard. Generally, the law provides that all medical information be treated with a high degree of confidentiality. However, Gostin et al (1997) shows that the sensitive nature of information related to HIV and other infectious diseases has prompted various states to adopt relevant laws that offer additional protection to the same. These laws hinder disclosure of information related to HIV without prior authorization. However, as indicated earlier, there are different contexts that might require that such information be disclosed without the familiarity and/ or authorization of the patients. Basically, such steps are considered ethical as they seek to enhance the greatest good for the greatest percentage of a population.To begin with, the law allows the healthcare personnel to report HIV infections to relevant public heath authorities. Gostin (2000) contends that the advantages of this reporting basically outweigh the risk discrimination of the infected individual. Usually, the name of the individual is not provided during reporting. However, epidemiological studies show that in order for intervention measures to yield optimal results, there is need to upgrade provision of name based information during reporting. Nonetheless, it has been argued that this has the capacity to increase the risk of discrimination and therefore should be avoided. This position is also held by the Centers of Disease curtail and Prevention that ensure that testing of HIV is made anonymous.Another scenario that breeches confidentiality but is not punishable by law is when the healthcare providers disclose the status of a patient to persons that may be at risk of infection. In this regard, Gostin and Webber (1998) ascertain that the right of a patient to be accorded confidentiality is oft en in conflict with the right of the partner to be notified accordingly. Despite the fact that confidentiality is instrumental in avoiding discrimination, it needs to be appreciated that the implications of failing to inform a non suspecting partner can be far reaching. In order to avoid conflicts, the patients are usually advised during counseling to reveal their status to their sex partners.Another exception with regard to confidentiality of information that is HIV related concerns the healthcare workers that are infected with the disease. This particularly affects the workers who perform exposure prone procedures. In this respect, Singer et al (2006) cites the US law that demands that the status of these workers be reviewed by the expert panel. This then makes a decision regarding whether to prevent the infected workers from performing such procedures or to inform the patients about their infection. The equivalency insurance that demands that the healthcare workers disclose thei r status has been increasingly adopted by various states.From an ethical perspective, disclosure of HIV status by the health workers and enforcement of some form of restrictions is in line with the best interests of the patients. However, various studies of whom Lurie and Wolfe (1999) are represented argue that this contravenes the privacy of health workers and enhances discrimination especially when the patients are informed. However, it should be appreciated that the benefit of the uninfected patient outweighs the risk of discrimination of a heath worker by the same. To address these concerns, a more viable approach would be for the council of experts to place restrictions but avoid informing the patient, unless under special conditions.Another ethical issue regarding HIV positive patients and those with infectious diseases is informed consent before testing. Basically, various clinical tests that involve testing of the blood samples of the patients do not require consent. However , the realization that testing for HIV had various negative implications led to the need for informed consent. The specific psychosocial risks that are presented by HIV testing include restriction of lack of access to insurance, healthcare or housing, possibility of rejection by family, friends and/ or close relatives and discrimination during employment. Thus special procedures that seek the consent of the patient such as pretest counseling and need for specific informed consent from the patient are a prerequisite. These measures ensure that the patient is psychologically and emotionally prepared to deal with the implications of the results.Essentially, the information that needs to be availed to the patient prior to testing include the benefits and risks of testing, unfounded behaviors, measures undertaken to prevent transmission, the nature of the test and confidentiality of the test. These are always coupled with an informed consent from the patient. In their review, Varmus and Satcher (1999) indicate that most states require that the patient provide a written consent. However this provision has various exceptions. In some instances, prisoners are persons that are accused of sexual crimes are often tested without consent. In addition, some states have made the testing mandatory for new born babies. In his study, Kass et al (1996) indicates that this also reveals the status of the mother.Notably, prenatal testing is also undertaken without consent from the mother. Fundamentally, earlier detection is instrumental in preventing mother to child transmission. Initially, prenatal testing was undertaken after a pretest counseling and informed consent. However, changes were proposed and currently, all pregnant mothers undergo a routine prenatal HIV testing. However, the revised edition of this law by the US Public Health Service presented a need for informed consent, although it is not clarify whether this needs to be verbal or written. Connor et al (2004) ascer tains that the proposals that seek to make HIV testing mandatory for pregnant mothers are compounded by different complexities.To begin with, the provision does not ascertain whether it would be accepted by all the mothers or not. In this regard, it should be appreciated that some mothers may not be willing to undergo the test. It was posited that once this provision is made a routine requirement, it would become difficult for the pregnant mothers to determine whether they have a right to decline the test or not. Notably, this undermines the principles of autonomy as this critical decision would be beyond the ability of the affected mothers. Further, Sargent (2000) indicates that the care provides are likely to forget that HIV testing has various psychological implications that are likely to compromise the wellbeing of the mothers. In this respect it is recommended that precautionary protective measures be undertaken prior to testing.Further, foregoing the pretest procedures has the capacity to undermine preventive efforts. Connor et al (2004) indicates that in this regard, the mothers would not be informed about these important measures and they would fail to take necessary measures to prevent themselves from contracting new infections. Generally, it is agued that the proposed routine testing may compromise the adherence to vital pretest procedures. The possible spill over effects to the rest of the population can adversely affect the wellbeing of the general population.Further, Levine (1998) points out that pregnant mothers who are HIV positive are usually expected to make various choices regarding their health and pregnancy. In this regard, these women should not be forced to either undergo sterilization or abortion. In addition, the pregnant mothers should be counseled accordingly in order to enable them make viable decisions to either continue carrying the pregnancy or terminate it.Another ethical issue regarding HIV positive patients includes end of life issues. In this regard, Ferriman (2001) appreciates that before the development of antiretroviral therapy, HIV usually progressed very quickly to a terminal disease. However, this concern has in the recent past been less prominent due to the availability of antiretroviral therapy. However, it should be acknowledged that some segments of the global population lack vital resources to cater for these concerns. In such incidences, palliative care that seeks to reduce pitiful is essential. In instances where resources are not available, care is fundamentally limited to psychological support that basically helps the patients plan for issues such as child custody and burial. Nevertheless, Lurie and Wolfe (1999) indicate that this scenario is probably changing as measures are being undertaken to increase the provision of anti retroviral drugs to the affected population. Practical measures in this respect include pressuring the relevant pharmaceutic companies to provide the drugs at afford able prices, providing resources for purchase of the drugs and allowing production of generic drugs.Further, it is argued that the HIV vaccine research has also been fraught with numerous ethical complications. To begin with, Wolf and Berkeley (2000) indicate that the minority of the population has increasingly been employed in research. In this respect, it is posited that population samples for trials are often picked from developing countries. Furthermore, Wolf (2001) notes that the population involved in research often has positive hope because of the belief that it is actually a cure. As such, participants tend to involve themselves in risky behaviors. This implies that the nature and function of the trial is not often communicated to them in an effective manner. In addition, it shows that the researchers place more emphasis on the results of the research rather than the protection of the participants. In this regard, it would be imperative for the researchers to protect their p articipants too. This will not only enable them to get high timbre research but also save the lives of the vulnerable population.The HIV vaccine trials have also been identified to pose various risks to the participants. In this regard, it is indicated that the participants are often refrained from active in future researches. In addition, the implications of the trials to the immunity of the participants are still unknown. Further, Levine (1998) asserts that the participants may be frustrated in the long run due to the fact that the vaccine may not be effective. Also, it is argued that the participants often react other than to specific antibody tests that characterize the trial. As a result, they may be prevented from traveling to other countries. In addition, these effects are likely to undermine their eligibility for some disposal jobs such as the military. This may happen irrespective of the fact that their seroconversion may not be a representation of an infection.Furthermo re, the participants are likely to face some form of stigmatization as a result of disclosure to friends and relatives. In their review, Gostin and Webber (1998) ascertain that certain phases of the trial often identify some of the participants to have a high risk of contracting the infection. This has various implications and may pose difficulties to the particular person. Finally, consistent research indicates that confidentiality of the status of the participants has increasingly been breached in the past. Recent surveys affirm that this often happens, irrespective of the fact that the researchers are charged with the responsibility of keeping the status of the participants confidential.Further, ethical issues have increasingly been raised with regard to conducting research about infectious diseases and HIV. To begin with Ferriman (2001) indicates that the participants need to be informed prior to the research and their consent sought. Often, the expectations of the participants tend to undermine the quality of the research. In this regard it is worth acknowledging that most of the participants consent to participate in research, not because of the need to help the researcher to obtain vital results but of the expectations to attain personal benefits. The widespread misconceptions about the importance of the research often make some patients to misinterpret the information availed to them. In the long run, the quality of the research is greatly undermined.Health care providers have been cited by Gostin (2000) to contribute significantly to these misconceptions. In this regard, it is noteworthy that the health personnel undertaking a certain research often have an upper hand with regard to the knowledge about the research. In some cases, they fail to inform the patients about the importance of the research. In other instances, they provide wrong advice to the participants and since they have the authority over the patients, the participating patients are inc lined to follow their misguided advice.Further, Kass (19996) argues that some patients participate in researches because of the need to please the healthcare staff. In such instances, the participants believe that they would get quality healthcare in return. Moreover, emergent research indicates that the trust that the patients have in the medical institutions often makes them participate in the researches without reviewing the relevant conditions. In such cases, the healthcare providers undertaking the research over estimate the benefits of the same and fail to inform the participants of relevant procedures.Conflict of interests in the area of research and especially that pertaining to infectious diseases also raise various ethical considerations. In this respect, Angell (1998) indicates that these are attributable to the benefits that healthcare researchers get from positive results of their research. In particular, they usually get grants, prestige and promotions fro their resear ch and other published work. As a result, they always aim at recruiting and retaining particular participants in their researches. In some instances, this interest conflicts with the basic interests of the participants. However, the conflicts that are financially lie often influence the quality of the researches as the decisions made are not objective. In addition, financial conflicts some cases make the researchers to halt the research irrespective of the fact that it is likely to benefit very many individuals.SummaryTo sum up, it is clear that the ethical principles of respect for people, justice and beneficence provide essential guidance in health care. In addition, the utilitarian perspective and the ethic of caring also provide vital guidance to medical behavior. Notably, these enable the clinicians to interact with HIV positive patients and those with infectious diseases in a sustainable manner. Ethical concerns such as confidentiality, end of life, informed consent, vaccine research, research design and conflict of interest characterize the interaction between patients with infectious illnesses such as HIV and cliniciansRecommendationsFrom the analysis, it is certain that ethical issues pertaining to infectious diseases like HIV and Aids are wide and varied. In order to uphold the relevant ethical principles that govern the interaction of patients and clinicians in this regard, it is imperative to put in to consideration various factors. These would ensure that the overall wellbeing of the patients and the clinicians is achieved.To begin with, it is important for the psychologists and other clinicians to inform the patients of their legal rights before assuming any form of treatment or tests. Knowledge about their rights would enable the patients to make objective decisions regarding their status. Particular areas of concern in his regard would be to inform the patients about various exceptions to confidentiality. This would ensure that the patients ma ke informed decisions and in a by the bye manner. Wolf (2000) proposes that before informing the persons at risk about the status of the patient, psychologists need to inform the patients about their intentions. This would be instrumental in avoiding conflicts at a family level.Furthermore, the importance of pretest procedures and especially counseling should not be understated. Basically, these seek to psychologically prepare the patients to deal with the implications of testing with ease. In particular, the importance of positive living needs to be emphasized. This procedures needs to be extended to prenatal testing. Pregnant mothers have a right to make their decisions and should be allowed to do so through counseling. some(prenominal) as it is important to protect the life of the unborn, it is worth noting that routine testing that deprives the mother of relevant pretest counseling.With regard to HIV vaccine research, it is important that the trials be carried out on a populat ion that is globally representative. The participants should be well informed about the implications of the trials and their consent sought before the onset of the same. Relevant information should be all inclusive and should entail the emotional, psychological, social and legal implications of the trials. Most importantly, the researchers need to uphold a high level of confidentiality about the status of the patients.Finally, it would be important for the researchers carrying out medical research about infectious diseases to be guided by fundamental clinical ethics. Of great reference in this respect would be their ability to put the interests of the patients before their own. In this regard, they need to inform the participants about the procedures of the research and ensure that they get their consent before beginning the research. In addition, they need to uphold a high level of objectivity when undertaking the research.

Social, Political and Economic Impacts of Thatcher

Social, Political and Economic Impacts of ThatcherThere is little doubt that the Thatcher administration had a social, political and economic impact on Britain during its eld of reign. The push for privatisation of the public sector, the subsequent unemployment, and the drive to divert housing away from the control of the state and into the control of private parties are, among others, the key events that shaped the influence that Thatcherism had on the British public. It has often been argued that the concept of Thatcherism goes against the grain of traditional Conservative political thought since the end of the Second World War in 1945, and that Thatchers young Right set out challenge the elements of classic liberalism that were traditionally embraced by the Torys up to her victory in 1979.1 However, others have also argued that Thatchers rude(a) Right still embraced one and only(a) key factor of traditional Tory political thought the concept of tradition.2 The most accurate de finition of the New Right work of thought is the fact is combines elements of both liberalism (the need for freedom) and traditionalism (the preservation of concepts of herit age) into a new form of ultra-conservative thinking, which is said to have first come to prominence during Ronald Reagans election to the White House in 1980.3 Thatchers foreign policy embraced the US as a close ally during Reagans presidency, and as much(prenominal) they shared political thoughts and ideas on certain issues.4The Thatcher political sympathies is attributed as being responsible for the reformation of the labour market during the 1980s. One main method of achieving this was finished the reformation of the income taxation system, which dropped the top borderline tax rate for the extremely wealthy.5 The basic tax rate was abscission from 33% to 25%, and the top tax rate was reduced from 83% to 40%.6 This reduction in taxes is said to have lead to an increase in big business and skilled wor kforce interest in Britain, rather than having to shift their operations offshore to avoid the high taxes. Having large business back in Britain, set up through the encouragement of a foreign skilled workforce to set up in Britain through lower income tax, meant that the economy would subsequently strengthen referable to an change magnitude import/export market and foreign trade deals, regardless of the fact that the presidency would initially lose up to half its revenue from the top marginal tax bracket. The labour market also faced a shake-up in terms of union involvement, with Thatcher legislating extensively to restrict their involvement in industrial relations, and efficaciously disabling their ability to call strikes.7 This meant that the common mans rights at work were severely challenged by the Thatcher legislative agenda, thereby effectively distancing government from the middle to working classes of British society. This is somewhat contradictory to her proclamation th at, upon arriving to D receiveing Street, her vision was of an open, classless Britain.8 Rather it could be argued that, in some areas at least, her agenda has somewhat reinforced the class system in Britain, and created a breed of working poor class, where encouragement to knowledge property and shares has lead to the unfitness to create free capital, on which a family can survive.Thatcher also believed that state ownership of many companies was hampering growth in other sectors. Famous firms such as Cable Wireless, British Aerospace, British Petroleum, Rover, British Airways, and British Telecom are now quite largely owned by the public, as well as basic suppliers of gas, electricity, water, telecommunications, road and rail.9 With the transfer from public to private enterprise meant subsequent deregulation of those companies, allowing them to make changes to the company as their respective boards of directors saw fit. This also could be argued to mean that many employees would no longer be government employees that were provided with government benefits, such as generous superannuation contributions. Rather, superannuation would be at the discreetness of the employer, and those that did not receive such benefits would be reliant upon the welfare of the state come unemployment or retirement. This is especially relevant where a mandatory retirement age is enforced. Again, this further demonstrates the position of the Thatcher administration in terms of providing for middle to lower classes of British society, and only looking out for those that are wealthy enough to own stock in such privatised companies (20% of Britons in 1990, compared with 7% in 1979).10 Interestingly, under Thatcher in 1980, the Royal Family was given an increase in its allowance from the British government by several million pounds, while cuts in expenditure were being made in most other areas11Britain began to pay a price for Thatchers cost cutting and privatisation during the 1980s. While the Thatcher administration had inherited high inflation from the preceding Heath Labour government,12 methods still had to be put in plant to control this. Within a few years, inflation was down to 5%, however as a result of strict money control as a method of control, unemployment had risen to around 3 million (or 6%) in the mid 1980s.13 However, 70% of the British public now owned their own homes, which promoted Thatchers importance of personal wealth as a fundamental policy.14 The economy was favoured over infrastructure and social welfare, with roads and railways showing signs of neglect and homelessness having visibly increased.15 An example of Thatchers favouritism towards the economy is demonstrated by the Local judicature Bill 1988, which would have made it illegal to promote homosexuality, or to promote the teaching of homosexuality in any school.16 It could be argued that this Bill was introduced in the wake of a perceived AIDS epidemic that was striking Britain at the time17 and, rather than spending money to combat this problem through social welfare programs, it seemed much more economically sound to eradicate the problem at a political level. This again demonstrates the distance between the Thatcher government and the social sphere of Britain, also considering proposals in terms of their pounds-and-pence value, and not at a basic social level.Upon considering various commentaries and statistical data on the issue, it become clear that the success of the Thatcher administration from 1979-1990 can only best be judged in a two-pronged sense economically and socially. From an economists (and upper class) perspective, it is clear that the Thatcher government achieved success in stabilising the British economy and made life in Britain generally more appealing for those of a higher socio-economic status. This was highlighted by the push for people to own their own homes, own stock portfolios and the ability for people in the highest tax brack et to retain 43% more of their earnings. This is in stark contrast to those of middle to working class populations, where the basic tax rate was cut by a mere 8%, union representation was cut and state-owned enterprise was sold to the public, creating a deregulated corporate anarchic sphere. This meant unemployment rates rose, due to the government having less ability to undertake remedial programs in the formerly state-owned companies, such as job placement. Rather these people became reliant upon the welfare of the state, which was lacking due to the classless approach of the Thatcher government. In short, Thatcherism is critical of any form of post-war political thought in Britain up until the victory in the 1979 election, due to the one population approach of the New Right. From an economic perspective, it was a godsend. From a socialists perspective, it has its flaws. But there is no disputing the fact that Thatcher has left a lasting bequest in British political thought, one which continues in part today through Tony Blairs New Labour. So what of the future? With the rise of big business, one would assume that corporate deregulation and denationalisation pass on continue in the future, putting more peoples jobs at risk. However, the Labour government have traditionally taken a kind view towards the working man and their union representations. So will this mean more rights for the common man? Only time will tellBibliographyBooksBarker, R, Political Ideas in Modern Britain In and After the 20th Century (1997, second ed), Routledge, London.Hickson, K (ed), The Political Thought of the Conservative Party Since 1945 (2005), Palgrave MacMillan, Hampshire.Marquand, D and Seldon, A, The Ideas that Shaped Modern Britain (1996), Fontana Press, London.Robertson, D, The Penguin Dictionary of Politics (1993, 2nd ed), Penguin, London.Journal ArticlesHitchens, C, This Thatchered Land, This England (1980) 231 Nation 3.Nelan, B, A Legacy of Revolution (1990) 136 Time 24.Stelzer, I, What Thatcher Wrought (1992) human beings Interest 107. principleLocal Government Bill 1998 http//www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1988/Ukpga_19880009_en_5.htmFootnotes1 Kevin Hickson (ed), The Political Thought of the Conservative Party Since 1945 (2005), 28.2 Rodney Barker, Political Ideas in Modern Britain In and After the 20th Century (1997, 2nd ed), 224.3 David Robertson, The Penguin Dictionary of Politics (1993, 2nd ed), 348-9.4 Ibid, 460.5 David Marquand and Anthony Seldon, The Ideas that Shaped Modern Britain (1996), 154.6 Bruce Nelan, A Legacy of Revolution (1990) 136 Time 24, 66.7 Nelan, as above n 6.8 Ibid.9 Irwin Stelzer, What Thatcher Wrought (1992) Public Interest 107, 33-6.10 Nelan, as above n 6.11 Christopher Hitchens, This Thatchered Land, This England (1980) 231 Nation 3, 72-3.12 Hickson, as above n 1, 42.13 Ibid.14 Nelan, as above n 6.15 Ibid.16 Local Government Bill 1988 (UK), s 2A.17 Stelzer, as above n 9, 49.

The Mind: Aristotle Kant And Socrates :: essays research papers

&65279Daniel C. Dennet said in A Glorious Accident that, "our minds--if you like-- argon just asreal as our dreams"(Kayzer, 37). The implications of this statement be substantial, for if this istrue--if our minds and our consciousness are just dreams or the constructs of our brain, what weperceive, our memories, and our sense of reality are nothing more than colors. Not only is thisscientifically a valid statement, but it forces us to interrogative who we are, and what we know . It isthe latter that is of interest at this moment. What I wish to do in this essay is to tie together thisconcept of perception and the mind with what we excite read in Text and Critics, as well as todiscuss the need for science to find "reality" and "knowledge."     But, first, we must understand what Dennet means by our minds being as real as ourdreams. Dennets point is profound and a point that should not be dismissed as a whim of aphilosopher but, inste ad, a scientific reality-- not the construct of a mans innate mind. One isled to believe that the best way to describe the mind as an illusion is to describe it in terms ofdreams. When we sleep, our external sensory(a) input is shut down. However, our minds, when wedream, are not in a very different state than when we are awake, other than as said before that ourexternal sensory input is shut down. Thus, we can conclude that, our waking state is just as unreal as our dreams, though with supplementary external sources of information. When dreaming, we obviously receive sensory input that enables our minds to create dreams with sights,sounds, touch, taste, emotions, experience, and sometimes even smell. If there is no externalsensory input, we must logically imply that it is coming from internal sources in the brain, themost obvious one being memory. Immediately, we can agree that memory is a subjective sourceof reality, as we can see in the ease in which memory fills in its missing gaps with often incorrect information (often influenced by our in-person bias) as well as the ease in which memorycan be altered or repressed and false memory can be created. So, immediately, by looking at                                                   S. Brown 2dreams, we can see that one source of our perception is subject to all sorts of editing by the brain. time the subjectivity of the memories is most evident during the dream state, our memory is

The Freedom Of Speech -- essays research papers

The founders of the United States government tried to protect our liberty by assuring a unthaw press, to gather and publish information without being under control or power of another, in the First Amendment to the Constitution. We are not very defend by this guarantee, so we concern ourselves on account of special interest groups that are fighting to change the freedom of expression, the right to freely represent one-on-one thoughts, feeling and views, in order to protect their families as well as others. These groups, religious or otherwise, believe that publishing unorthodox material is an abuse of free expression under the First Amendment. As we know, the Supreme Court plays an important role in the subject of free speech and expression, and we need to understand that the courtyard system is the center of the interpretation of our First Amendment rights.There are various reasons given for censorship a classroom or library may strangulate or ban a book or other learning reso urce because it includes social, political, or religious views believed to be inappropriate or threatening. A moving-picture show or TV program may be considered violent, or indecent because of nudity or inappropriate behavior. Also, a song or speech could terminate language thought to be vulgar, or ideas and values that some consider objectionable. Although these examples are good reasons for censorship, initiating these steps would unveil a censorship disaster. Looking at all levels of American citizens, some of the peo...